[cartoon of person speaking] When we watch a film or play, we know the actors probably learned their lines from a script, which essentially tells them what to say and when to say it. [staff] A piece of written music operates on exectly the same principal.In a very basic sense it tells a performer what to play and when to play it.Aesthetically speaking, there's a world of difference between say, Beethoven and Justin Bieber. Both artists use the same building blocks to create their music:notes. And although the end result can sound quite complicated, the logic behind musicical notes is actually pretty straightforward.[notes] Let;e take a look at the foundational elements to music notation and how they interact to create a work of art.Music is written on 5 parallel lines that go across the page. These 5 lines are called a staff.And the staff operates on two axes: up and down and left to right.The up and down axis tells the performer the pitch of the note or what note to play, and the left-to-right axis tells the performer the rhythm of the note or when to play it. Let's start with pitch. To help us out we're going to use a piano, but this system works for pretty much any instrument you can think of.In the Western music tradition, pitches are named after the first 7 letters of the alphabet: A,B,C,D,E,F,G.After that the cycle repeats itself.But how do these pitches get their name? Well, for example, if you played an F and then played another F higher or lower on the piano, you would notice that they sound pretty similar, compared to, say, a B. Going back to the staff, every line and space between two lines represents a seterate pitch. if we put a note on one of these lines or one of these spaces, we're telling a performer to play that pitch.The higher up on the staff a note is placed, the higher the pitch. But there are obviously many more pitches than the none that these lines and spaces gives us.A grand piano for example can play 88 seperate notes.So how do we condense 88 notes onto a single staff? We use simething called a clef. A clef is a weird looking figure placed at the beginning of the staff and it acts as a reference point, telling you that a particular line or space corresponds to a specific note on your instrument.If we want to play notes that aren't on the staff, we kind of cheat and draw extra little lines called ledger lines and place the notes on them. If we have to draw so many ledger lines that it gets confusing, then we need to change to a different clef.
As for telling a performer when to play the notes, two main elements control this: the beat and the rhythm. The beat of the music is by itself kind of boring.it sounds like this [metronome] Notice that it doesn't change, it just plugs along quite happily. it can go slow or fast. the point is that just liek the second hand on a clock divides one minute into sixty seconds, with each second just as long as every other second, the beat divides a piece of music into little fragments of time that are all the same length of time -beats. With a steady beat as a foundation, we can start adding rhythm ot our pitches, and that's when the music really starts to happen. Here is a quarter note - it is the most basic unit of rhythm,and it's worth one beat. This is a half note and it's worth two beats.This whole note here is worth four beats. And these little guys are eighth notes worth 1/2 beat each. "Great,: you say, "what does that mean?"
You may have noticed the little lines that cross the length of a staff, there are little lines dividing it into small sections. These are bar lines and we refer to each section as a bar. At the begining of a piece of music, just after the clef is something called the time signature, which tells the performer how many beats are in each bar. This says there are two beats in each bar, this sayes there are 3, this one 4 and so on.The bottom number tells us what kind of note is used as the basic unit for the beat. One corresponds to a whole note, 2 to a half, 4 to a quarter note, and 8 for an eighth and so on. But like I said before, if we just stick to the beat,it gets kind of boring so we'll replace some quarter notes with different rhythms.Notice that even though the number of notes in each bar changed the total number of beats in each bar hasn't.So, what does our musical creation sound like? [music]Sounds OK, but maybe a bit thin, right? Let's add another instrument, with it's own pitch and rhythm. Now it's sounding like music.Sure it takes some practice to get used to reading it quickly and playing what we see on our instrument, but, with a bit of time and patience you could be the next Beethoven or Justin Bieber.